Abstract

This review critically examines the environmental implications of metalloids, with a focus on their role in industrial applications and the resulting ecological challenges. It addresses the dual nature of metalloids, emphasising their beneficial uses while highlighting contamination and toxicity issues in soil, water, and atmospheric systems. The analysis evaluates specific environmental challenges associated with each metalloid and assesses both conventional and innovative remediation techniques, with a particular focus on bioremediation and nano-remediation technologies. Recent advancements in these areas are explored, offering insights into the mechanisms of metalloid transport and contamination. The review advocates for sustainable remediation strategies and promotes an integrated approach to managing metalloid pollution, aiming to protect environmental health and enhance sustainability.